ABSTRACT
Background: Drug interactions are major cause of concern in hospitalized patients with cardiac illness especially in elderly population. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the prevalence and pattern of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDI) and risk factors, if any.Methods: It was a prospective observational study involving 75 elderly in-patients with cardiac diseases. IHEC approval was taken before commencement of study and written informed consent was taken from all the study participants. Data was collected using structured data collection tool. pDDI were analyzed using MEDSCAPE databse. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 in terms of descriptive statistics. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find the association between the risk factors and potential DDIs. P value of ?0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The prevalence of pDDI was found to be 100%. Total 593 pDDI and 33 interacting drug pairs were observed in the study. The common drug interacting pairs were aspirin and furosemide 140 (23.61%), followed by aspirin+ enalapril 98 (16.53%) and heparin and clopidogrel 56 (9.44%). Majority of pDDI 480 (81%) were found to be of moderate severity. A significant association was documented between length of hospital stay (p=0.041) and occurrence of pDDI. A statistically significant correlation (r =0.621; p<0.01) was noted between number of drugs prescribed and total number of pDDIs.Conclusions: A high prevalence of pDDI was observed. The prevalence rate is directly related to number of drugs prescribed and length of hospital stay. Therefore, close monitoring of hospitalized patients is recommended.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This cross-sectional study was design to investigate prevalence and risk factors of generalized anxiety disorder in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and Methods: The Group studied consists of 204 patients of mild and moderate TBI between 14- days to one-year post injury. Demographic characteristics of the participants were assessed on a self-designed semi structured performa. Interviews focused on assessment of severity of TBI, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and quality of life (Qol) using GCS, GAD-7 and WHOBREF-QOL respectively. Results: Total 204 patients were included. 11.76% participants were found to have generalized anxiety disorder. None of the demographic variables were associated with GAD except injury severity. Mild TBI patient (75.00%) had higher occurrence of GAD than the moderate cases (25.00%). GAD patients also had poor Qol than those without GAD in all domains except physical and social health domain. Neuroanatomical localization was also correlated with GAD. Left frontal contusions were the most common (37.50 %) lesions associated with GAD. Conclusion: GAD is commonly associated, yet under diagnosed clinical entities in head injury and have tremendous impact in overall outcome measures. Every patient of head injury warrants psychiatric evaluation and concomitant treatment if required to ensure the attainment of not only neuroanatomical intact but overall productive and qualitative life vindicating the holistic and multidisciplinary treatment approach.